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In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and pure electric cars regenerative braking recovers and returns to a battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.[53] Although all cars must have friction brakes (front disc brakes and either disc or drum rear brakes[54]) for`emergency stops, regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.[55]
With the projected size of the global electric vehicle market, expansion of battery manufacturing capacity will largely be driven by electrification in the car market. Indeed the electrification of cars is a crucial driver in cutting unit costs of automotive battery packs that can be used in a variety of road modes. By 2030, the light-duty vehicle fleet (cars and light commercial vehicles) represents the largest part of the fleet of electric four-wheelers, regardless the scenario. China and Europe lead this deployment, as policies promote electrification.
The ongoing trend of increasing battery capacity is projected to continue. By 2030, battery electric vehicles are assumed to reach an average driving range of 350-400 km corresponding to battery sizes of 70-80 kWh. In addition to battery size, another important variable in projecting total battery capacity is the proportion of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in overall electric vehicle sales.
It is estimated that current recycling facilities using mainstream recycling technologies such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, may add a limited greenhouse gas footprint to an electric vehicle battery (about 10%), compared to a battery manufactured from primary raw materials. Research points towards a net benefit when considering non-greenhouse gas indicators such as ecotoxicity. The scale-up of Li-ion battery recycling facilities, driven by electric vehicle deployment, as well other energy efficiency measures and renewable energy input into recycling processes will be necessary to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from battery recycling. New, innovative recycling processes using less energy, and adequate sorting and separation of battery pieces that need recycling or that can directly be repurposed or repackaged into new batteries are also under research.
Be aware, however, that some automakers only cover the battery pack against a complete loss of its ability to hold a charge, which would be extremely rare. Others, including BMW, Chevrolet, Nissan, Tesla (Model 3) and Volkswagen will replace the pack if it falls to a specified capacity percentage while under warranty, which is usually 60-70 percent.
2022 TUCSON Plug-in Hybrid. 33-mile All-Electric Range based on a fully charged battery pack and 80 MPGe. MPGe is the EPA-equivalent measure of gasoline fuel efficiency for electric-mode operation. 35 Combined MPG (gas). All figures are EPA estimates and for comparison purposes only. Actual range and mileage will vary with options, driving conditions and habits, vehicle and battery's condition and other factors.
2023 SANTA FE Plug-in Hybrid up to an EPA-estimated 30 mile All-Electric Range based on a fully charged battery pack and 76 combined MPGe. MPGe is the EPA-equivalent measure of gasoline fuel efficiency for electric-mode operation. 33 Combined MPG (gas). All figures are EPA estimates and for comparison purposes only. Actual range and mileage will vary with options, driving conditions and habits, vehicle and battery's condition and outside temperature.
2023 SANTA FE Plug-in Hybrid up to an EPA-estimated 30-mile All-Electric Range based on a fully charged battery pack and 76 combined MPGe. MPGe is the EPA-equivalent measure of gasoline fuel efficiency for electric-mode operation. 33 Combined MPG (gas). All figures are EPA estimates and for comparison purposes only. Actual range and mileage will vary with options, driving conditions and habits, vehicle and battery's condition and other factors.
EPA-estimated 303 mile driving range for 2023 IONIQ 5 SE/SEL/Limited RWD; 266 mile driving range for IONIQ 5 SE/SEL/Limited AWD; and 220 mile driving range for IONIQ 5 SE RWD (Standard Range). All figures are EPA estimates and based on a fully charged battery. For comparison purposes only. Battery capacity decreases with time and use. Actual range will vary based on a number of factors, including vehicle options, driving conditions and habits, vehicle and battery's condition and outside temperature. 2b1af7f3a8
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